Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Carnegie Andrew" to "Casus Belli" / Volume 5, Slice 4

Metadata

Gutenberg ID

33189

Title

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Carnegie Andrew" to "Casus Belli" / Volume 5, Slice 4

Language

en

Book source

Project Gutenberg

Description max 80 words

This volume from the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica offers a comprehensive alphabetical survey of topics ranging from Andrew Carnegie's industrial philanthropy to the Casus Belli. Featuring authoritative entries on history, science, literature, and geography, it serves as an essential reference for general knowledge, presenting facts with clarity and depth.

Summary up to 500 words

Volume 5, Slice 4 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, presents a diverse alphabetical collection of articles spanning history, science, geography, and philosophy. The volume opens with a detailed entry on Andrew Carnegie, the Scottish-born American industrialist who rose from humble beginnings to become a steel magnate and one of the era's most prominent philanthropists. Carnegie's life story highlights his business acumen in establishing the United States Steel Corporation and his subsequent dedication to public welfare, particularly through the founding of thousands of public libraries, educational institutions, and pension funds. The text also defines geographical and geological terms, such as carnelian, a red variety of chalcedony used for seals, and cassiterite, a tin ore. Historical figures like Pietro Carnesecchi, an Italian humanist involved in religious reform, and Lazare Carnot, a French statesman, are examined alongside geographical features like the Caspian Sea. The sea's entry provides extensive hydrographic data, detailing its three distinct sections, drainage patterns from major rivers like the Volga, and historical fluctuations in its water level, noting its former connection to the Sea of Azov. Philosophical concepts are also explored, specifically the evolution of casuistry. The text traces this discipline from Roman Stoicism, where practical questions about lying and legal defense were debated, to its development within the Catholic Church through the medieval Summae de Poenitentia. It further analyzes the Protestant critique of casuistry, particularly regarding Jesuit probabilism, and the eventual shift in the 18th century toward common-sense ethics and psychology. Finally, the volume defines the legal term 'casus belli,' explaining it as a justification for war arising from interference with national rights or dignity. Throughout, the entries maintain an objective, informative tone, offering substantial detail on arts, sciences, and general information without unnecessary embellishment.

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Categories

• Encyclopedias and dictionaries