The History of Herodotus — Volume 2

Metadata

Gutenberg ID

2456

Title

The History of Herodotus — Volume 2

Language

en

Book source

Project Gutenberg

Description max 80 words

Herodotus's second volume chronicles the aftermath of the Persian invasion, detailing the Persian occupation of Greece, the strategic retreat of Xerxes, and the subsequent campaigns of Mardonios. This edition, translated by G.C. Macaulay, offers a vivid account of ancient customs, the fall of Athens, and the complex political maneuvers that followed the naval defeat at Salamis.

Summary up to 500 words

In this volume of Herodotus's *The History*, the narrative shifts focus from the naval catastrophe at Salamis to the strategic aftermath of the Persian defeat. Following the destruction of the Persian fleet, King Xerxes, terrified that the Hellespont bridges might be cut by the Ionians, decides to retreat to Asia. He leaves his massive land army under the command of Mardonios to continue the war in Greece. Before departing, Xerxes burns the occupied city of Athens, an act of hubris that underscores the limits of Persian power. Mardonios attempts to subdue the Peloponnese but encounters stiff resistance from the Spartans and other Greek city-states, who refuse to submit. The text provides a rich ethnographic interlude, detailing the customs of various tribes, particularly the Thracians. Herodotus describes their unique burial rites, where the dead are covered with earth amidst rejoicing rather than lamentation, and their complex marriage practices. He also recounts the story of the Paionians, whose industrious women perform multiple tasks simultaneously, prompting King Dareios to order their forced relocation to Asia. A significant portion of the volume explores the internal dynamics of the Persian court. Xerxes relies heavily on his queen, Artemisia, and the eunuch Hermotimos for counsel. The narrative culminates in a dramatic tale of revenge involving Hermotimos. Having been enslaved and castrated by the Chian merchant Panionios, Hermotimos rises to become a trusted figure in Xerxes's court. Upon finding Panionios in Mysia, Hermotimos exacts brutal vengeance, executing the former enslaver and his family. This episode highlights themes of justice and the personal costs of Persian expansion. The volume concludes with the Persian army's eventual withdrawal from Greece. Despite the burning of Athens and the occupation of the Peloponnese, the Greeks maintain their resilience. The narrative sets the stage for the final confrontation at Plataea, emphasizing that while Persian numbers are vast, their moral and strategic cohesion is fragile. Through these events, Herodotus examines the enduring spirit of the Hellenes against the overwhelming but ultimately hubristic might of the Persian Empire.

LLM editorial rating

4.2/5

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Categories

• Classics
• History